Liquid nitrogen and cryogenic cooling
Liquid nitrogen is a cryogen that absorbs heat while boiling into nitrogen gas. At atmospheric pressure it boils near −196 °C.
Phase change and applications
Cryogenic cooling is used in research, sample storage, testing, selected manufacturing, and rapid cooling. Systems account for heat load, materials, supply, and temperature uniformity.
Cold is not the only hazard
Contact can cause severe cold injury; trapped liquid can pressurize equipment as it warms; gas can displace oxygen. Use trained, site-specific procedures and purpose-built, vented equipment.
Sources and further reading
These references are starting points. Check the source directly for definitions, dates, units, and context. This is an educational overview, not an operating manual or professional advice.
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